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MySQL 復制詳解及簡單實例

主從復制技術在MySQL中被廣泛使用，主要用于同步一臺服務器上的數據至多臺從服務器，可以用于實現負載均衡，高可用和故障切換，以及提供備份等等。MySQL支持多種不同的復制技術，諸如單向，半同步異步復制等以及不同級別的復制，諸如數據庫級別，表級，跨庫同步等等。本文簡要描述了一個基本的主從復制并給出示例。

1、復制的基本原理(步驟)

    a、在主庫上把數據更改記錄的二進制日志(binary log)
    b、從庫上的I/O線程連接到主庫并請求發送其二進制日志文件(主庫上的binlog dump線程將二進制日志內容發送到從庫)
    c、從庫上的I/O線程讀取主服務發送的二進制內容并將其拷貝到中繼日志
    d、從庫上的SQL線程讀取中繼日志并執行日志中包含的更新

2、為配置文件添加復制項

# 本文的演示基于同一服務器上的多實例環境，其中3406端口用作主庫，而3506用作從庫。 
# 關于多實例的部署可參考： 
# MySQL多實例配置(一) http://blog.csdn.net/leshami/article/details/40339167 
# MySQL多實例配置(二) http://blog.csdn.net/leshami/article/details/40339295 
# 3406與3506為都為新裝且含缺省庫等，所以本文演示中未涉及先遷移主庫數據到備庫步驟 
a、主庫上的配置文件 
# more my3406.cnf  
[mysqld] 
socket = /tmp/mysql3406.sock 
port = 3406 
pid-file = /data/inst3406/data3406/my3406.pid 
user = mysql 
log-error=/data/inst3406/data3406/inst3406.err 
datadir=/data/inst3406/data3406 
basedir=/app/soft/mysql5 
 
#### for master items #### 
server-id=3406 
log_bin=/data/inst3406/log/bin/inst3406bin 
innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit=1 
sync_binlog=1 
 
b、從庫上的配置文件 
# more my3506.cnf  
[mysqld] 
socket = /tmp/mysql3506.sock   # Author : Leshami 
port = 3506            # Blog  : a target="_blank"  rel="external nofollow" >http://blog.csdn.net/leshami 
pid-file/a> = /data/inst3506/data3506/my3506.pid 
user = mysql 
log-error=/data/inst3506/data3506/inst3506.err 
datadir=/data/inst3506/data3506 
basedir=/app/soft/mysql5 
 
#### for slave items #### 
server-id=3506 
relay_log=/data/inst3506/log/relay/relay-bin 
read_only=1

3、創建復制賬號

#啟動端口為3406的實例并添加賬戶 
[mysql@app ~]$ mysqld_safe --defaults-file=/data/inst3406/data3406/my3406.cnf  
[mysql@app ~]$ mysql -P3406  #登陸到3406 
 
master@localhost[(none)]> show variables like 'server_id'; 
+---------------+-------+ 
| Variable_name | Value | 
+---------------+-------+ 
| server_id   | 3406 | 
+---------------+-------+ 
 
#創建用于復制的賬戶 
master@localhost[(none)]> grant replication slave,replication client on *.* 
  -> to repl@'192.168.1.177' identified by 'repl'; 
 
#初始化主庫日志文件，生成環境慎用reset 
master@localhost[(none)]> reset master; 
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) 
 
#查看主庫的狀態，日志初始化至000001， 
master@localhost[(none)]> show master status,Position為120 
+--------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+ 
| File        | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB | Executed_Gtid_Set | 
+--------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+ 
| inst3406bin.000001 |   120 |       |         |          | 
+--------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+

4、配置主從同步

#啟動端口為3506的實例 
[mysql@app ~]$ mysqld_safe --defaults-file=/data/inst3506/data3506/my3506.cnf  
 
[mysql@app ~]$ msyql -P3506 
 
slave@localhost[(none)]> show variables like 'server_id'; 
+---------------+-------+ 
| Variable_name | Value | 
+---------------+-------+ 
| server_id   | 3506 | 
+---------------+-------+ 
1 row in set (0.00 sec) 
 
#為從庫添加指向主庫的相關配置信息，該命令會生成及修改備庫上的master.info及relay-log.info文件 
slave@localhost[(none)]> CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST='192.168.1.177', 
  -> MASTER_USER='repl', 
  -> MASTER_PASSWORD='repl', 
  -> MASTER_PORT=3406, 
  -> MASTER_LOG_FILE='inst3406bin.000001', 
  -> MASTER_LOG_POS=0; 
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 2 warnings (0.04 sec) 
 
#出現了2個warnings，查看一下 
slave@localhost[(none)]> show warnings \G 
*************************** 1. row *************************** 
 Level: Note 
  Code: 1759 
Message: Sending passwords in plain text without SSL/TLS is extremely insecure. 
*************************** 2. row *************************** 
 Level: Note 
  Code: 1760 
Message: Storing MySQL user name or password information in the master.info repository is not secure and is therefore not recommended.  
Please see the MySQL Manual for more about this issue and possible alternatives. 
2 rows in set (0.00 sec) 
 
#此時查看從庫的狀態信息 
slave@localhost[(none)]> show slave status \G 
*************************** 1. row *************************** 
        Slave_IO_State:  
         Master_Host: 192.168.1.177 
         Master_User: repl 
         Master_Port: 3406 
        Connect_Retry: 60 
       Master_Log_File: inst3406bin.000001 
     Read_Master_Log_Pos: 4 
        Relay_Log_File: relay-bin.000001 
        Relay_Log_Pos: 4 
    Relay_Master_Log_File: inst3406bin.000001 
       Slave_IO_Running: No   #IO線程沒有運行 
      Slave_SQL_Running: No   #SQL線程沒有運行 
          ...................... 
       Master_Info_File: /data/inst3506/data3506/master.info 
 
slave@localhost[(none)]> start slave; #啟動slave 
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) 
 
#含義如下 
START SLAVE with no thread_type options starts both of the slave threads. The I/O thread reads 
events from the master server and stores them in the relay log. The SQL thread reads events from the 
relay log and executes them. 
 
#再次查看slave的狀態 
robin@localhost[(none)]> show slave status\G 
*************************** 1. row *************************** 
        Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event 
         Master_Host: 192.168.1.177 
         Master_User: repl 
         Master_Port: 3406 
        Connect_Retry: 60 
       Master_Log_File: inst3406bin.000001 
     Read_Master_Log_Pos: 120 
        Relay_Log_File: relay-bin.000002 
        Relay_Log_Pos: 285 
    Relay_Master_Log_File: inst3406bin.000001 
       Slave_IO_Running: Yes    #IO線程處于運行狀態  
      Slave_SQL_Running: Yes    #SQL線程處于運行狀態  
           .............. 
     Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 120 
       Relay_Log_Space: 452 
           ............ 
       Master_Server_Id: 3406 
         Master_UUID: 32f53a0a-63ef-11e4-93d9-8c89a5d108ae 
       Master_Info_File: /data/inst3506/data3506/master.info 
          SQL_Delay: 0 
     SQL_Remaining_Delay: NULL   
   Slave_SQL_Running_State: Slave has read all relay log; waiting for the slave I/O thread to update it #重要的提示信息 
 
#可以看到從庫上的2個線程，一個是用于I/O線程，用于連接到主庫請求主庫發送binlog，一個是用于執行SQL的SQL線程。 
slave@localhost[(none)]> show processlist\G 
*************************** 1. row *************************** 
   Id: 4 
  User: system user 
  Host:  
   db: NULL 
Command: Connect 
  Time: 510993 
 State: Waiting for master to send event 
  Info: NULL 
*************************** 2. row *************************** 
   Id: 5 
  User: system user 
  Host:  
   db: NULL 
Command: Connect 
  Time: 333943 
 State: Slave has read all relay log; waiting for the slave I/O thread to update it 
  Info: NULL

5、驗證同步情況

#下面在主庫上執行一些操作以檢查從庫的同步情況 
master@localhost[(none)]> show variables like 'server_id'; 
+---------------+-------+ 
| Variable_name | Value | 
+---------------+-------+ 
| server_id   | 3406 | 
+---------------+-------+ 
1 row in set (0.00 sec) 
 
#主庫上Binlog Dump線程用于發送binlog日志文件到從庫，如下查詢 
master@localhost[(none)]> show processlist\G 
*************************** 1. row *************************** 
   Id: 12 
  User: repl 
  Host: 192.168.1.177:57440 
   db: NULL 
Command: Binlog Dump 
  Time: 511342 
 State: Master has sent all binlog to slave; waiting for binlog to be updated 
  Info: NULL 
   
#主庫創建數據庫及表 
master@localhost[(none)]> create database tempdb; 
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec) 
 
master@localhost[(none)]> use tempdb 
Database changed 
master@localhost[tempdb]> create table tb_engines as select * from information_schema.engines; 
Query OK, 9 rows affected (0.02 sec) 
Records: 9 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 
 
#下面是在從庫上檢查的結果 
slave@localhost[(none)]> select count(*) from tempdb.tb_engines; 
+----------+ 
| count(*) | 
+----------+ 
|    9 | 
+----------+

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MySQL 復制詳解及簡單實例